Comparación de los sistemas de transporte rápido de autobús articulado de México

Se abordan cuatro sistemas brt (por sus siglas en inglés de Bus Rapid Transit) de México: Metrobús de la Ciudad de México, Macrobús de la Ciudad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Optibús de la Ciudad de León Guanajuato y Mexibús del Estado de México; con el fin de identificar sus características en cuanto a la tecnología, combustibles e infraestructura, para compararlos y determinar sus ventajas y desventajas tanto ambientales como operacionales. Con el objetivo de determinar cuál de estos sistemas está operando de manera óptima con respecto al cuidado del medio ambiente y al servicio de transporte.Se abordan cuatro sistemas brt (por sus siglas en inglés de Bus Rapid Transit) de México: Metrobús de la Ciudad de México, Macrobús de la Ciudad de Guadalajara, Jalisco, Optibús de la Ciudad de León Guanajuato y Mexibús del Estado de México; con el Àn de identiÀcar sus características en cuanto a la tecnología, combustibles e infraestructura, para compararlos y determinar sus ventajas y desventajas tanto ambientales como operacionales. Con el objetivo de determinar cuál de estos sistemas está operando de manera óptima con respecto al cuidado del medio ambiente y al servicio de transporte

T0901317 is a potent PXR ligand: Implications for the biology ascribed to LXR

AbstractThe liver X receptors (LXRα and β) are nuclear receptors that coordinate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Insight into the physiologic roles of the LXRs has been greatly facilitated by the discovery of potent synthetic agonists. Here we show that one of these compounds, T0901317, is also a high-affinity ligand for the xenobiotic receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR). T0901317 binds and activates PXR with the same nanomolar potency with which it stimulates LXR activity. T0901317 induces expression not only of LXR target genes, but also of PXR target genes in cells and animals, including the scavenger receptor CD36, a property not shared by more specific LXR ligands, such as GW3965. Activation of PXR targets may explain why T0901317 induces dramatic liver steatosis, while GW3965 has a milder effect. These results suggest that many of the biological activities heretofore associated with LXR activation may be mediated by PXR, not LXR. Since T0901317 has been widely used in animals to study LXR function, the in vivo effects of this compound ascribed to LXR activation should be re-examined

Are long-distance dispersal syndromes associated with the conservation status of plant species? The Canary Islands as a case study

Dispersal is the process that allows organisms to reach new suitable territories and expand their area of occupancy. In plants, long-distance dispersal (LDD) of diaspores is related to the presence of morphological structures (dispersal syndromes) that favor mobility by wind (anemochorous), sea currents (thalasochorous) and animals (epizoochorous and endozoochorous). The relationship between these LDD structures and the distribution of plant species is related to characteristics of different archipelagoes. Previous studies in several archipelagoes found that the Canary Islands showed the strongest positive relationship between dispersal syndromes and species distributions. It has been long hypothesized that species without specialized structures for dispersal have more difficulties in expanding their areas of occupancy and consequently these species are more threatened because of limited distribution. Nevertheless, the effect of the dispersal ability of plant species on the degree of threat has never been tested in oceanic archipelagoes. In this study, we selected the 262 lowland endemic plant species of the Canary Islands and evaluated the relationship between the presence/absence of the four LDD syndromes and their threat status. A considerable number of threatened (154 spp.) and non-threatened (108 spp.) species were observed, of which 93 had LDD syndromes and 169 did not. Our analyses failed to find statistically significant differences between the number of threatened species with and without LDD syndromes and their IUCN threatened status. In sum, this study shows a poor contribution of dispersal abilities in the degree of threat of endemic plant species in the Canary Islands

Stratification of yerba mate seeds in a commercial nursery and the emergence monitoring

Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil. is a native species in Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Propagation is carried out by seeds that have a low germination rate and morphophysiological dormancy. In order to increase the germination percentage, stratification treatments and emergence monitoring were tested. For this, yerba mate seeds were subjected to stratification treatments: Treatment 1 - seeds between two sand layers; Treatment 2 - seeds between two sand layers and commercial substrate covered with corn straw; Treatment 3 - seeds between two sand layers with the addition of 4.0 g "L" ^"-1"  of slow-release fertilizer (16-8-12 - 6 months); Treatment 4 - seeds between two sand layers covered with corn straw; and a control treatment - seeds without stratification. The stratification period for all treatments was 180 days, and at 120, 150, and 180 days, 100 seeds were removed per repetition from each treatment for emergence tests, with weekly observation for 180-days in a completely randomized design. After that period, the tetrazolium test was performed with the seeds that did not emerge. At 120-days of stratification there was no emergence and at 150-days it was 0.83%. At 180-days, treatment 3 showed the highest percentage - 13.19%. Seeds without stratification do not germinate and after 180-days of emergence the amount of non-viable seeds increased in all treatments. Stratification in sand with slow-release fertilizer favors the emergence of yerba mate seedlings.The propagation of Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil. is carried out by seeds that have a low germination rate and morphophysiological dormancy. In order to increase the germination percentage, stratification treatments and emergence monitoring were tested. For this, yerba mate seeds were subjected to stratification treatments: Treatment 1 - seeds between two sand layers; Treatment 2 - seeds between two sand layers and commercial substrate covered with corn straw; Treatment 3 - seeds between two sand layers with the addition of 4.0 g  of controlled-release fertilizer; Treatment 4 - seeds between two sand layers covered with corn straw; and a control treatment - seeds without stratification. The stratification period for all treatments was 180 days, and at 120, 150, and 180 days, 100 seeds were removed per repetition from each treatment for emergence tests, with weekly observation for 180-days in a completely randomized design. After that period, the tetrazolium test was performed with the seeds that did not emerge. At 120-days of stratification there was no emergence and at 150-days it was 0.83%. At 180-days, treatment 3 showed the highest percentage - 13.19%. Seeds without stratification do not germinate and after 180-days of emergence the amount of non-viable seeds increased in all treatments. Stratification in sand, combined with controlled-release fertilizer favors yerba mate seedlings emergence. After 180-days of emergence in germinator plants at 25°C, there is an increase in non-viable seeds amount. Seeds that did not undergo the stratification process do not germinate and present a higher dormant seeds percentage after 180-days of emergence

Estratificação de sementes de erva-mate em viveiro comercial e acompanhamento da emergência

The propagation of Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil. is carried out by seeds that have a low germination rate and morphophysiological dormancy. In order to increase the germination percentage, stratification treatments and emergence monitoring were tested. For this, yerba mate seeds were subjected to stratification treatments: Treatment 1 - seeds between two sand layers; Treatment 2 - seeds between two sand layers and commercial substrate covered with corn straw; Treatment 3 - seeds between two sand layers with the addition of 4.0 g L-1 of controlled-release fertilizer; Treatment 4 - seeds between two sand layers covered with corn straw; and a control treatment - seeds without stratification. The stratification period for all treatments was 180 days, and at 120, 150, and 180 days, 100 seeds were removed per repetition from each treatment for emergence tests, with weekly observation for 180-days in a completely randomized design. After that period, the tetrazolium test was performed with the seeds that did not emerge. At 120-days of stratification there was no emergence and at 150-days it was 0.83%. At 180-days, treatment 3 showed the highest percentage - 13.19%. Seeds without stratification do not germinate and after 180-days of emergence the amount of non-viable seeds increased in all treatments. Stratification in sand, combined with controlled-release fertilizer favors yerba mate seedlings emergence. After 180-days of emergence in germinator plants at 25°C, there is an increase in non-viable seeds amount. Seeds that did not undergo the stratification process do not germinate and present a higher dormant seeds percentage after 180-days of emergence.A propagação da Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil. é realizada por sementes que apresentam baixa taxa de germinação e dormência morfofisiológica. Com o intuito de aumentar a porcentagem de germinação foram testados tratamentos de estratificação e acompanhamento da emergência. Para isso, sementes de erva-mate foram submetidas a tratamentos de estratificação: Tratamento 1 - sementes entre duas camadas de areia; Tratamento 2 - sementes entre duas camadas de areia e substrato comercial coberto por de palha de milho; Tratamento 3 - sementes entre duas camadas de areia com adição de 4,0 g L-1 de adubo de liberação controlada; Tratamento 4 - sementes entre duas camadas de areia coberta com palha de milho; e um tratamento controle - sementes sem estratificação. O período de estratificação de todos os tratamentos foi de 180 dias, e aos 120, 150 e 180 dias foram retiradas 100 sementes por repetição de cada tratamento para os testes de emergência, com acompanhamento semanal durante 180 dias em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Após esse período, com as sementes não emergidas foi realizado o teste de tetrazólio. Aos 120 dias de estratificação não houve emergência e aos 150 dias foi de 0,83%. Aos 180 dias, o tratamento 3 apresentou a maior porcentagem - 13,19%. Sementes sem estratificação não germinam e após 180 dias de emergência aumentou a quantidade de sementes não viáveis em todos os tratamentos. A estratificação em areia, aliada ao adubo de liberação controlada favorece a emergência das plântulas de erva-mate. Após 180 dias de emergência em germinador a 25°C ocorre aumento na quantidade de sementes não viáveis. Sementes que não passaram pelo processo de estratificação não germinam e apresentam maior porcentagem de sementes dormentes após 180 dias de emergência

Videolaparoscopic Radical Hysterectomy Approach: a Ten-Year Experience

Videolaparoscopic radical hysterectomy was found to have comparable operative times, lymph node retrieval, and complications as those reported by others

The Pyrenees as a cradle of plant diversity: phylogeny, phylogeography and niche modeling of Saxifraga longifolia

The current distribution of most species results from ecological niche, past distribution, and migrations during glacial–interglacial periods and in situ evolution. Here, we disentangle the colonization history of Saxifraga longifolia Lapeyr., a limestone plant abundant in the Pyrenees and rare in other Iberian mountains and the African Atlas. Our working hypothesis is that the current distribution results from the shrinkage of a more extensive distribution in previous cold periods. We sampled 160 individuals of 32 populations across the whole distribution range and sequenced four DNA regions (rpl32-trnL, rps16-trnQ, trnS-trnG, and ITS). Ecological conditions were modeled to identify factors promoting high genetic diversity and long-term persistence areas for S. longifolia. In addition, we inferred phylogenetic relationships, phylogeographic divergence, genetic diversity, and migration routes. Seven plastid haplotypes were found, of which six occur in the Pyrenees and one in the High Atlas (Morocco). Discrete phylogeographic analysis (DPA) estimated migration routes predominantly from the Pyrenees to the other areas. Colonization events to those areas appear to have taken place recently given that the rest of the Iberian mountains do not harbor exclusive haplotypes. Iberian–Northern African distribution was inferred to be the result of long-distance dispersal because the split between Iberian and High Atlas haplotypes is estimated to have taken place in the last 4 million years ago when the Strait of Gibraltar was already open. Migrations from the Pyrenees to the south may have been favored by a corridor of predominant limestone rocks along Eastern Iberia, followed by successful overcoming the Strait of Gibraltar to reach northern Afric

Inka Fusión

La idea de negocio que se ha planteado en el presente trabajo, es un Restaurante express de comida saludable a base de productos andinos, fusionándolo con otros tipos de alimentos de distinto origen que lleva por nombre “Inka Fusión”. El local estará ubicado en Miraflores, en la ciudad de Lima y desde ahí se realizará la atención y recepción de pedidos de manera online, además la entrega de los productos se efectuará por delivery o recojo en el local. El servicio se dirige a personas de 18 y 50 años de edad, de nivel socioeconómico A y B, a los cuales se les brindará dos tipos de servicios: el primero consistirá en el servicio de platos o menú y el segundo será la opción de autoservicio, donde cada comensal puede armar su propio plato según sus necesidades o gustos. Geográficamente, el negocio se dirige al distrito de Miraflores y aledaños, tales como: San Isidro, Surco, Surquillo y San Borja. Inka Fusión, es un proyecto a 5 años, requiere de un capital de S/132,177 que será financiado con el 60% de aporte de los accionistas y el 40% con un préstamo de terceros, la inversión destinada al proyecto obtiene un VPN FCNI de S/215,137, una TIRF de 82.75% y un tiempo de recuperación óptimo menor de 2 años. Sin duda, Inka Fusión tiene un gran potencial de crecimiento de 3% a 4.5% anual, debido al crecimiento de la cultura de comida sana.The business idea that has been proposed in this work is an express restaurant of healthy food based on Andean products, merging it with other types of food of different origin that is called "Inka Fusion". The store will be located in Miraflores, in the city of Lima and from there the service and receipt of orders will be carried out online, in addition the delivery of the products will be made by delivery or pick-up at the premises. The service is aimed at people between 18 and 50 years of age, of socioeconomic status A and B, to whom two types of services will be provided: the first will consist of serving dishes or menu and the second will be the self-service option, where each guest can build their own plate according to their needs or tastes. Geographically, the business is directed to the district of Miraflores and its surroundings, such as: San Isidro, Surco, Surquillo and San Borja. Inka Fusión, is a 5-year project, requires a capital of S / 132,177 that will be financed with 60% contribution from shareholders and 40% with a third-party loan, the investment for the project obtains a NPV FCNI of S / 215,137, an IRR of 82.75% and an optimal recovery time of less than 2 years. Undoubtedly, Inka Fusión has a great growth potential of 3% to 4.5% per year, due to the growth of the healthy food culture.Trabajo de investigació